CAPITAL STRUCTURE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | Structure of Capital

In this article a study is conducted through different developing countries to know that capital structure theory is portable across different countries with different institutional structures. To make the article meaningful we have taken a sample of 10 countries those have different economies and financial structures. Different tools such as Total debt ratio, long-term debt Ratio, Long-term market debt ratio, turnover ratio, Regression, Coefficient of Variation, Standard Deviation, Return on asset and asset tangibility. After that it was concluded that some of the insight from modern finance theory are portable across countries, much remains to be done to understand the impact of different institutional features on capital structure choice.

Introduction:

The mix of long-term debt and equity financing maintained by a firm is called Capita

Structure Different type of work has been done in the past on capital structure such as the Mayer’s Theory on Developing countries and the most recently the study on G-7 countries by   Rajan and Zingales(1995) to understand the capital structure of developing countries. In his article we have taken a sample of 10 developing countries namely India, Pakistan, Thailand, Malaysia, Turkey Zimbabwe, Mexico, Brazil, Jordan, and Korea. Five of these countries were under British control in the past. Two are of American block and three others. 

The main Focus of this article is to answer the three questions:

• Do financial leverage decisions differ significantly between developing and developed countries?
• Are the factors that affect cross- sectional variability in individual countries’ capital structures similar between developed and developing countries?  
• Are the predictions of conventional structure models improved by knowing the nationality of the company?

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Indian Business House Report on TATA

Since the opening of the Indian economy in 1991, Tata has been subject to global competition, making it imperative for the group to become competitive in India against the new entrants. To gain scale, reduce their exposure to the cyclicality of India’s economy, survive, and achieve a sustainable competitive position in industries that are globalizing, most Tata companies then looked overseas. Tata’s recent experience is an excellent case for analyzing ‘accelerated internationalization’.

This project report evaluates the struggling periods of TATA, how TATA Group get such worth and stability in Indian Economy.

As it pertains to a challenger conglomerate from formerly peripheral areas that goes international in order to access resources, the Tata group has been driven by multiple factors, including the need to access new markets (e.g., in BPO services), the opportunity to integrate the value chain (e.g., in steel), and the quest for brand control (e.g., in tea). This strategy proved feasible because Tata possesses strong leadership combined with vision; can exploit the possibility of leveraging increasingly developed financial markets in India, a large domestic market, and global liquidity; and reacted fast to the opening

of specific opportunities at given times.

Project Report on Levels of Economic Integration: Trade alliances | Economics Project

This Management Project Report describes and explain Trade Alliance concept and implementation to strengthen Organizational Management. Trade alliance is formed to reduce the trade barriers and increase the economic co-operation on small scale. More over this report explain steps to build Trade Alliance and most famous Trade Alliances of the World i.e. European Union (EU), North America Free Trade Free Alliance (NAFTA), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).



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Inflation: Concept and Theories | Assignment

This short document describes the Inflation term completely. What is Inflation its various theories and definitions all the key points are being discussed in this assignment. Moreover the concepts like; How inflation is measured Consumer Price Index (CPI), Sensitive Price Index (SPI), Wholesale Price Index (WPI), The concept of Inflation in economics and many more are discussed in this document.

 

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Research Paper on FDI and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: A Comprehensive Report

The topic FDI and Economic Growth in Developing Countries is under debate now days. This Research Paper scrutinizes the effect of foreign direct investments, FDI, on economic growth in developing countries. This paper presents, the theoretical framework, in which technological transmit and the learning of new technologies is considered to be the engine of growth along with a critical examination of a number of empirical studies on the subject. In the later part of this research paper the underlying conditions for FDI to work efficiently along with the implications are discussed.



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Study Report on Boom of Telecom Sector in Pakistan and Its Impacts on Pakistan

Main phase of this study report is to explore positive and negative effects of Telecom boom in Pakistan on Pakistani Culture and Society. This report is well written and shadows the truth of technology effects on economy.

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Short Article Papers on Social impacts on Economic Outcomes

This report encapsulates two essays / papers. Both papers deal with the question of how Social Interactions figure out Economic Outcomes. In the first paper author describes the impact of Crime and Criminal Networks and in the second one he / she point out immigration, assimilation, and ethnic enclaves.



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e-Commerce: Project Report on e Business: New Trends

This project report has imperative information for businessmen. In this project report new trends of e-Business has been discussed along with the brief introduction of e-Business. As everything in this world packed in a small box and every person can access easily what he wants. At narrow, this called globalization. By Globalization; every fashion of human life got affected but the most technological evolution noticed in business sector. Handling business activities with the help of internet termed as e-Commerce by experts. It’s also called e-Business. The most beneficial thing we got from this is the advancement in business operations and trends. E-Business evolutionary increases the growth of every business. Web based technology improved internal and external communication and now companies have larger market and widespread competition throughout the world.



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An Article on CHINA’S PEACEFUL RISE AND SOUTH ASIA

The rise of China, named by Professor Joseph Nye as “one of the transformative changes of this century” has immersed the concentration of many experts. In this article / paper, Dr Maqbool A Bhatty, a former Pakistani Ambassador to China spot out the light to underline the China’s modernization drive and its supplementary economic reforms under the dynamic leadership of Deng Xiaoping. Since then, it has made remarkable progress in its economy and predictably, in the coming years, it will be most likely rival to the US. Moreover this article describes the whole story in a significant way. To read this article please downloads it.



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Presentation on Inflation: A key concept of Economics

In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time (Wikipedia). A principal measure of price inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized proportion change in a general price index over time.
Author of this presentation describes the basics of inflation and also defines the pros and cons of inflation over the economy. 

Presentation on Monopoly, Concept of Monopoly

The concept of Monopoly deals with a stable market condition where only one good or service provider exists, without undergoing any competition. The characteristic features of the Theory of Monopoly are: Absence of feasible products, Lack of competition on the economic levels. Monopolists are basically price-makers of their own products.
This piece of information (presentation) has excessive conceptual material on the topic of Monopoly. It also describes the various forms of Monopoly…..! 

LEVELS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

Management is no longer constrained by national borders. Managers in all sizes and types of organizations are faced with opportunities and challenges of managing in global environment.
Two important features of global environment that managers must understand are…
• Regional trade alliances 

PRIVATIZATION

A very broad term but most simply, privatization is the transfer of asset or services delivery from the government to the private sector. Privatization runs a very broad range, sometimes leaving very little government involvement, and other times creating partnerships between government and private service providers where government is still the dominant player. 

ECONOMIC ZONE:

“Export else perish “ these are the words of first Prime Minister of India Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. India being a continent like country having 30 states, more than 1000 languages and world second largest man power having diversified natural conditions right from Rain Forests of Kerala, Ice Mountains of Himalaya, Runn of Kuch to productive land of Bramahaputra has great potentials of world class export worthy products from various industries like Agriculture, Engineering, Chemicals, Software’s, Gems and Jewellry, Pharmaceuticals, Bio technology and many more. 

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INDIAN ECONOMY

File includes three research papers;

1. Ten Things for India to Achieve its 2050 Potential
2. India: Realizing BRICs Potential
3. India’s Rising Growth Potential 

DEMAND AND SUPPLY CRUDE OIL

Crude oil is a naturally occurring substance (i.e., “Fossil Fuel”, formed from organic remains over a period of millions of years) found in certain rock formations in the earth. It is a dark, sticky liquid which, scientifically speaking, is classified as a hydrocarbon. This means, it is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen, with or without non-metallic elements such as oxygen and sulfur. Crude oil is highly flammable and can be burned to create energy. Derivatives from crude oil make an excellent fuel.

CURRENT BANKING TRENDS IN INDIA

The Indian banking industry is currently in a transition phase. On the one hand, the public sector banks, which are the mainstay of the Indian banking system, are in the process of consolidating their position by capitalising on the strength of their huge networks and customer bases. On the other, the private sector banks are venturing into a whole new game of mergers and acquisitions to expand their bases.